Aromatic interaction-driven out-of-plane orientation for inverted perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency

TY - JOUR

T1 - Aromatic interaction-driven out-of-plane orientation for inverted perovskite solar cells with improved efficiency

AU - Zhou, Qisen

AU - Huang, Guoyu

AU - Wang, Jianan

AU - Miao, Tianyin

AU - Chen, Rui

AU - Lei, Xia

AU - Xu, Erxiang

AU - Liu, Sanwan

AU - Zhu, He

AU - Tan, Zhengtian

AU - Shi, Chenyang

AU - Liu, Xiaoxuan

AU - Wang, Qianqian

AU - Li, Jingbai

AU - Chen, Yihua

AU - Chen, Qi

AU - Shen, Yang

AU - Sui, Manling

AU - Lu, Yue

AU - Liu, Zonghao

AU - Chen, Wei

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2025.

PY - 2025/11

Y1 - 2025/11

N2 - Formamidinium and caesium metal halide perovskites enable high efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells, but uncontrolled crystallization limits their performance. Here we regulate the nucleation and growth of the perovskite through aromatic interactions between naphthalene ammonium salts and naphthalenesulfonates. The ammonium groups of the naphthalene ammonium salts occupy the formamidinium site, while the sulfonate groups of the naphthalenesulfonates coordinate with lead ions. Their naphthalene moieties form tight aromatic stacking adjacent to the [PbI6]4− octahedra. These interactions promote ordered out-of-plane crystallization along the (100) plane, enhancing defect passivation and carrier transport. We achieve a power conversion efficiency of 27.02% (certified 26.88%) for inverted solar cells. Encapsulated devices retain 98.2% of their initial efficiency after 2,000 h of maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination in ambient air. Furthermore, we demonstrate a certified steady-state efficiency of 23.18% for inverted mini-modules with an aperture area of 11.09 cm2 and a certified efficiency of 29.07% for all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

AB - Formamidinium and caesium metal halide perovskites enable high efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells, but uncontrolled crystallization limits their performance. Here we regulate the nucleation and growth of the perovskite through aromatic interactions between naphthalene ammonium salts and naphthalenesulfonates. The ammonium groups of the naphthalene ammonium salts occupy the formamidinium site, while the sulfonate groups of the naphthalenesulfonates coordinate with lead ions. Their naphthalene moieties form tight aromatic stacking adjacent to the [PbI6]4− octahedra. These interactions promote ordered out-of-plane crystallization along the (100) plane, enhancing defect passivation and carrier transport. We achieve a power conversion efficiency of 27.02% (certified 26.88%) for inverted solar cells. Encapsulated devices retain 98.2% of their initial efficiency after 2,000 h of maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination in ambient air. Furthermore, we demonstrate a certified steady-state efficiency of 23.18% for inverted mini-modules with an aperture area of 11.09 cm2 and a certified efficiency of 29.07% for all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105018618044

U2 - 10.1038/s41560-025-01882-x

DO - 10.1038/s41560-025-01882-x

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105018618044

SN - 2058-7546

VL - 10

SP - 1371

EP - 1381

JO - Nature Energy

JF - Nature Energy

IS - 11

ER -