Energy Efficiency Optimization for MC-DSSS Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network

TY - JOUR

T1 - Energy Efficiency Optimization for MC-DSSS Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network

AU - Zhang, Yiyang

AU - Yang, Ziyi

AU - Pan, Gaofeng

AU - Wang, Shuai

AU - An, Jianping

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 1972-2012 IEEE.

PY - 2026

Y1 - 2026

N2 - With the rapid development of global satellite Internet and the growing demand for seamless connectivity, the Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network (STIN) has become a key architecture for achieving ubiquitous communication coverage. However, STIN faces critical energy efficiency challenges, including the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that degrades high power amplifier efficiency at the physical layer and frequent satellite handovers that increase network overhead. To address these issues, this paper proposes a mobility-aware model of Multicarrier Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (MC-DSSS) STIN. At the physical layer, the Orthogonality-Based Generalized Multicarrier Constant Envelope Multiplexing (CEMIC) technique is adopted, and an energy efficiency maximization problem is formulated under constant-envelope constraints. A joint power allocation algorithm is developed based on the Dinkelbach method and the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to solve the non-convex problem efficiently. To overcome the limitations of single-layer optimization, a two-layer collaborative framework is further proposed. At the network layer, an improved binary particle swarm optimization (IBPSO-HO) algorithm is employed to optimize satellite handovers. This joint design enables two-layer energy efficiency optimization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly enhances overall energy efficiency across both layers, providing robust theoretical support for the large-scale green deployment of STIN.

AB - With the rapid development of global satellite Internet and the growing demand for seamless connectivity, the Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Network (STIN) has become a key architecture for achieving ubiquitous communication coverage. However, STIN faces critical energy efficiency challenges, including the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that degrades high power amplifier efficiency at the physical layer and frequent satellite handovers that increase network overhead. To address these issues, this paper proposes a mobility-aware model of Multicarrier Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (MC-DSSS) STIN. At the physical layer, the Orthogonality-Based Generalized Multicarrier Constant Envelope Multiplexing (CEMIC) technique is adopted, and an energy efficiency maximization problem is formulated under constant-envelope constraints. A joint power allocation algorithm is developed based on the Dinkelbach method and the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to solve the non-convex problem efficiently. To overcome the limitations of single-layer optimization, a two-layer collaborative framework is further proposed. At the network layer, an improved binary particle swarm optimization (IBPSO-HO) algorithm is employed to optimize satellite handovers. This joint design enables two-layer energy efficiency optimization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly enhances overall energy efficiency across both layers, providing robust theoretical support for the large-scale green deployment of STIN.

KW - Energy efficiency

KW - direct sequence spread spectrum

KW - mobility management

KW - multicarrier systems

KW - satellite communications

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105041281809

U2 - 10.1109/TCOMM.2026.3700458

DO - 10.1109/TCOMM.2026.3700458

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105041281809

SN - 1558-0857

VL - 74

SP - 10739

EP - 10752

JO - IEEE Transactions on Communications

JF - IEEE Transactions on Communications

ER -