Temporal-Enhanced GAN-Based Few-Shot Fault Data Augmentation and Intelligent Diagnosis for Liquid Rocket Engines

TY - JOUR

T1 - Temporal-Enhanced GAN-Based Few-Shot Fault Data Augmentation and Intelligent Diagnosis for Liquid Rocket Engines

AU - Hu, Hui

AU - Zhao, Rongheng

AU - Xu, Chaoyue

AU - Ren, Shuai

AU - Wang, Hui

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2026 by the authors.

PY - 2026/4

Y1 - 2026/4

N2 - (1) Background: The scarcity and imbalance of real fault data significantly limit the development of data-driven fault diagnosis methods for liquid rocket engines (LREs), especially under few-shot conditions. (2) Methods: To address this issue, this study proposes a GAN-based fault data augmentation framework for multivariate LRE time-series signals and a hybrid diagnostic classifier combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and multi-head attention (MHA). The GAN component is introduced to alleviate fault-data scarcity and class imbalance by generating additional fault-like samples, while the classifier is designed to capture local features, long-range temporal dependencies, and diagnostically informative temporal regions. (3) Results: A multidimensional evaluation based on temporal similarity, statistical consistency, and global distribution discrepancy indicates that the generated samples preserve important characteristics of the original signals under the current evaluation protocol. On the augmented LRE dataset, the proposed classifier achieved strong diagnostic performance. In addition, supplementary experiments on the public HIT aero-engine dataset further support the effectiveness of the classifier architecture, its component-wise contribution, and its behavior under imbalanced few-shot settings, while also demonstrating the value of uncertainty-aware prediction. (4) Conclusions: The results provide encouraging evidence that the proposed framework can improve LRE fault diagnosis under data-scarce conditions. However, the present findings should be interpreted within the scope of the available data and evaluation setting. More comprehensive generator-side ablation, broader external validation, and physics-oriented assessment of the generated signals are still needed before stronger conclusions can be made.

AB - (1) Background: The scarcity and imbalance of real fault data significantly limit the development of data-driven fault diagnosis methods for liquid rocket engines (LREs), especially under few-shot conditions. (2) Methods: To address this issue, this study proposes a GAN-based fault data augmentation framework for multivariate LRE time-series signals and a hybrid diagnostic classifier combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and multi-head attention (MHA). The GAN component is introduced to alleviate fault-data scarcity and class imbalance by generating additional fault-like samples, while the classifier is designed to capture local features, long-range temporal dependencies, and diagnostically informative temporal regions. (3) Results: A multidimensional evaluation based on temporal similarity, statistical consistency, and global distribution discrepancy indicates that the generated samples preserve important characteristics of the original signals under the current evaluation protocol. On the augmented LRE dataset, the proposed classifier achieved strong diagnostic performance. In addition, supplementary experiments on the public HIT aero-engine dataset further support the effectiveness of the classifier architecture, its component-wise contribution, and its behavior under imbalanced few-shot settings, while also demonstrating the value of uncertainty-aware prediction. (4) Conclusions: The results provide encouraging evidence that the proposed framework can improve LRE fault diagnosis under data-scarce conditions. However, the present findings should be interpreted within the scope of the available data and evaluation setting. More comprehensive generator-side ablation, broader external validation, and physics-oriented assessment of the generated signals are still needed before stronger conclusions can be made.

KW - few-shot learning

KW - generative adversarial network (GAN)

KW - liquid rocket engine (LRE)

KW - multi-head attention

KW - temporal dynamics

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105036832386

U2 - 10.3390/aerospace13040306

DO - 10.3390/aerospace13040306

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105036832386

SN - 2226-4310

VL - 13

JO - Aerospace

JF - Aerospace

IS - 4

M1 - 306

ER -