Bending performance of large-scale lattice sandwich structure based on multi-arc directed energy deposition

Tianqiu Xu; Hao Mao; Chenchen Jing; Zixiang Li; Saad Waqar; Changmeng Liu

doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2026.111941

Bending performance of large-scale lattice sandwich structure based on multi-arc directed energy deposition

Tianqiu Xu
, Hao Mao
, Chenchen Jing^*
, Zixiang Li
, Saad Waqar
, Changmeng Liu

^*此作品的通讯作者

Beijing Institute of Technology
Polytechnic University of Milan
China University of Geosciences, Beijing
Tsinghua University

科研成果: 期刊稿件 › 文章 › 同行评审

摘要

Large-scale lattice sandwich structures (LSS) have attracted significant attention due to their lightweight characteristics and particular mechanical performance, among which bending behavior is a critical indicator, especially for beam-like structures. In this study, the bending performance of large-scale titanium LSS fabricated by multi-arc directed energy deposition (MA-DED) was systematically investigated through three-point bending tests. The deformation behavior and failure characteristics under bending loads were experimentally analyzed, revealing multiple load drops associated with progressive failure events. Microstructural and fractographic observations indicate that the dominant fracture mode is quasi-cleavage transgranular fracture. Thermo-mechanical simulations were further conducted to evaluate the influence of process-induced thermal history on structural deformation, indicating that node connection contributes significantly to global distortion, which affects the bending response. In addition, finite element analysis was employed to investigate the deformation and failure process, and the simulated results capture the overall trend of the experimental response. This study provides experimental and numerical insights into the bending behavior and failure mechanisms of large-scale LSS fabricated by MA-DED, demonstrating its potential for efficient manufacturing of complex structural components. This work represents one of the systematic investigations of the bending behavior of large-scale LSS fabricated by MA-DED, providing a fundamental understanding of their mechanical response and offering a reference framework for the efficient additive manufacturing method and structural design of large-scale LSS.

源语言	英语
文章编号	111941
期刊	Structures
卷	88
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2026.111941
出版状态	已出版 - 6月 2026
已对外发布	是

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@article{fae53300464149e197f94ab92db408c0,

title = "Bending performance of large-scale lattice sandwich structure based on multi-arc directed energy deposition",

abstract = "Large-scale lattice sandwich structures (LSS) have attracted significant attention due to their lightweight characteristics and particular mechanical performance, among which bending behavior is a critical indicator, especially for beam-like structures. In this study, the bending performance of large-scale titanium LSS fabricated by multi-arc directed energy deposition (MA-DED) was systematically investigated through three-point bending tests. The deformation behavior and failure characteristics under bending loads were experimentally analyzed, revealing multiple load drops associated with progressive failure events. Microstructural and fractographic observations indicate that the dominant fracture mode is quasi-cleavage transgranular fracture. Thermo-mechanical simulations were further conducted to evaluate the influence of process-induced thermal history on structural deformation, indicating that node connection contributes significantly to global distortion, which affects the bending response. In addition, finite element analysis was employed to investigate the deformation and failure process, and the simulated results capture the overall trend of the experimental response. This study provides experimental and numerical insights into the bending behavior and failure mechanisms of large-scale LSS fabricated by MA-DED, demonstrating its potential for efficient manufacturing of complex structural components. This work represents one of the systematic investigations of the bending behavior of large-scale LSS fabricated by MA-DED, providing a fundamental understanding of their mechanical response and offering a reference framework for the efficient additive manufacturing method and structural design of large-scale LSS.",

keywords = "Directed energy deposition, Lattice structure, Three-point bending, Wire arc additive manufacturing",

author = "Tianqiu Xu and Hao Mao and Chenchen Jing and Zixiang Li and Saad Waqar and Changmeng Liu",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2026 Institution of Structural Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.",

year = "2026",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1016/j.istruc.2026.111941",

language = "English",

volume = "88",

journal = "Structures",

issn = "2352-0124",

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}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Bending performance of large-scale lattice sandwich structure based on multi-arc directed energy deposition

AU - Xu, Tianqiu

AU - Mao, Hao

AU - Jing, Chenchen

AU - Li, Zixiang

AU - Waqar, Saad

AU - Liu, Changmeng

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2026 Institution of Structural Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

PY - 2026/6

Y1 - 2026/6

N2 - Large-scale lattice sandwich structures (LSS) have attracted significant attention due to their lightweight characteristics and particular mechanical performance, among which bending behavior is a critical indicator, especially for beam-like structures. In this study, the bending performance of large-scale titanium LSS fabricated by multi-arc directed energy deposition (MA-DED) was systematically investigated through three-point bending tests. The deformation behavior and failure characteristics under bending loads were experimentally analyzed, revealing multiple load drops associated with progressive failure events. Microstructural and fractographic observations indicate that the dominant fracture mode is quasi-cleavage transgranular fracture. Thermo-mechanical simulations were further conducted to evaluate the influence of process-induced thermal history on structural deformation, indicating that node connection contributes significantly to global distortion, which affects the bending response. In addition, finite element analysis was employed to investigate the deformation and failure process, and the simulated results capture the overall trend of the experimental response. This study provides experimental and numerical insights into the bending behavior and failure mechanisms of large-scale LSS fabricated by MA-DED, demonstrating its potential for efficient manufacturing of complex structural components. This work represents one of the systematic investigations of the bending behavior of large-scale LSS fabricated by MA-DED, providing a fundamental understanding of their mechanical response and offering a reference framework for the efficient additive manufacturing method and structural design of large-scale LSS.

AB - Large-scale lattice sandwich structures (LSS) have attracted significant attention due to their lightweight characteristics and particular mechanical performance, among which bending behavior is a critical indicator, especially for beam-like structures. In this study, the bending performance of large-scale titanium LSS fabricated by multi-arc directed energy deposition (MA-DED) was systematically investigated through three-point bending tests. The deformation behavior and failure characteristics under bending loads were experimentally analyzed, revealing multiple load drops associated with progressive failure events. Microstructural and fractographic observations indicate that the dominant fracture mode is quasi-cleavage transgranular fracture. Thermo-mechanical simulations were further conducted to evaluate the influence of process-induced thermal history on structural deformation, indicating that node connection contributes significantly to global distortion, which affects the bending response. In addition, finite element analysis was employed to investigate the deformation and failure process, and the simulated results capture the overall trend of the experimental response. This study provides experimental and numerical insights into the bending behavior and failure mechanisms of large-scale LSS fabricated by MA-DED, demonstrating its potential for efficient manufacturing of complex structural components. This work represents one of the systematic investigations of the bending behavior of large-scale LSS fabricated by MA-DED, providing a fundamental understanding of their mechanical response and offering a reference framework for the efficient additive manufacturing method and structural design of large-scale LSS.

KW - Directed energy deposition

KW - Lattice structure

KW - Three-point bending

KW - Wire arc additive manufacturing

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105036718828

U2 - 10.1016/j.istruc.2026.111941

DO - 10.1016/j.istruc.2026.111941

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105036718828

SN - 2352-0124

VL - 88

JO - Structures

JF - Structures

M1 - 111941

ER -

Bending performance of large-scale lattice sandwich structure based on multi-arc directed energy deposition

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