3D Monte Carlo tracking model of the external quantum efficiency and halo for subwavelength-grating NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier

Dongqi Chen; Lingxue Wang; Jiangyi Gu; Jinneng Zeng; Ting Wang; Guoguo Kang; Dezhi Zheng; Yi Cai

doi:10.1364/OE.566897

3D Monte Carlo tracking model of the external quantum efficiency and halo for subwavelength-grating NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier

Dongqi Chen
, Lingxue Wang^*
, Jiangyi Gu
, Jinneng Zeng
, Ting Wang
, Guoguo Kang
, Dezhi Zheng
, Yi Cai

^*Corresponding author for this work

Beijing Institute of Technology
North Night Vision Technology Co. Ltd

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

A NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier with subwavelength-grating on the optical window is crucial for enhancing external quantum efficiency (EQE) and reducing halo. This study established a comprehensive 3D Monte Carlo model to simulate the photon and electron transport, photoelectric conversion, and emission processes. The simulation results demonstrate that the optical path of the photons in the photocathode is the primary factor influencing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Multiple reflections of photons in the gap, including lens, window, photocathode and microchannel plate (MCP), are responsible for the halo formation. In addition, the grating can suppress the change in EQE with the incident angle. The model results for the non-grating and single-layer grating cases deviated by 1.57% and 2.44% for the EQE and by 1.03% and 4.35% for the halo, respectively.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	41210-41225
Number of pages	16
Journal	Optics Express
Volume	33
Issue number	19
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.566897
Publication status	Published - 22 Sept 2025

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title = "3D Monte Carlo tracking model of the external quantum efficiency and halo for subwavelength-grating NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier",

abstract = "A NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier with subwavelength-grating on the optical window is crucial for enhancing external quantum efficiency (EQE) and reducing halo. This study established a comprehensive 3D Monte Carlo model to simulate the photon and electron transport, photoelectric conversion, and emission processes. The simulation results demonstrate that the optical path of the photons in the photocathode is the primary factor influencing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Multiple reflections of photons in the gap, including lens, window, photocathode and microchannel plate (MCP), are responsible for the halo formation. In addition, the grating can suppress the change in EQE with the incident angle. The model results for the non-grating and single-layer grating cases deviated by 1.57\% and 2.44\% for the EQE and by 1.03\% and 4.35\% for the halo, respectively.",

author = "Dongqi Chen and Lingxue Wang and Jiangyi Gu and Jinneng Zeng and Ting Wang and Guoguo Kang and Dezhi Zheng and Yi Cai",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.",

year = "2025",

month = sep,

day = "22",

doi = "10.1364/OE.566897",

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volume = "33",

pages = "41210--41225",

journal = "Optics Express",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - 3D Monte Carlo tracking model of the external quantum efficiency and halo for subwavelength-grating NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier

AU - Chen, Dongqi

AU - Wang, Lingxue

AU - Gu, Jiangyi

AU - Zeng, Jinneng

AU - Wang, Ting

AU - Kang, Guoguo

AU - Zheng, Dezhi

AU - Cai, Yi

PY - 2025/9/22

Y1 - 2025/9/22

N2 - A NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier with subwavelength-grating on the optical window is crucial for enhancing external quantum efficiency (EQE) and reducing halo. This study established a comprehensive 3D Monte Carlo model to simulate the photon and electron transport, photoelectric conversion, and emission processes. The simulation results demonstrate that the optical path of the photons in the photocathode is the primary factor influencing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Multiple reflections of photons in the gap, including lens, window, photocathode and microchannel plate (MCP), are responsible for the halo formation. In addition, the grating can suppress the change in EQE with the incident angle. The model results for the non-grating and single-layer grating cases deviated by 1.57% and 2.44% for the EQE and by 1.03% and 4.35% for the halo, respectively.

AB - A NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier with subwavelength-grating on the optical window is crucial for enhancing external quantum efficiency (EQE) and reducing halo. This study established a comprehensive 3D Monte Carlo model to simulate the photon and electron transport, photoelectric conversion, and emission processes. The simulation results demonstrate that the optical path of the photons in the photocathode is the primary factor influencing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Multiple reflections of photons in the gap, including lens, window, photocathode and microchannel plate (MCP), are responsible for the halo formation. In addition, the grating can suppress the change in EQE with the incident angle. The model results for the non-grating and single-layer grating cases deviated by 1.57% and 2.44% for the EQE and by 1.03% and 4.35% for the halo, respectively.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017966221

U2 - 10.1364/OE.566897

DO - 10.1364/OE.566897

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105017966221

SN - 1094-4087

VL - 33

SP - 41210

EP - 41225

JO - Optics Express

JF - Optics Express

IS - 19

ER -

3D Monte Carlo tracking model of the external quantum efficiency and halo for subwavelength-grating NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier

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