3D Monte Carlo tracking model of the external quantum efficiency and halo for subwavelength-grating NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier

TY - JOUR

T1 - 3D Monte Carlo tracking model of the external quantum efficiency and halo for subwavelength-grating NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier

AU - Chen, Dongqi

AU - Wang, Lingxue

AU - Gu, Jiangyi

AU - Zeng, Jinneng

AU - Wang, Ting

AU - Kang, Guoguo

AU - Zheng, Dezhi

AU - Cai, Yi

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.

PY - 2025/9/22

Y1 - 2025/9/22

N2 - A NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier with subwavelength-grating on the optical window is crucial for enhancing external quantum efficiency (EQE) and reducing halo. This study established a comprehensive 3D Monte Carlo model to simulate the photon and electron transport, photoelectric conversion, and emission processes. The simulation results demonstrate that the optical path of the photons in the photocathode is the primary factor influencing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Multiple reflections of photons in the gap, including lens, window, photocathode and microchannel plate (MCP), are responsible for the halo formation. In addition, the grating can suppress the change in EQE with the incident angle. The model results for the non-grating and single-layer grating cases deviated by 1.57% and 2.44% for the EQE and by 1.03% and 4.35% for the halo, respectively.

AB - A NaKSb(Cs) image intensifier with subwavelength-grating on the optical window is crucial for enhancing external quantum efficiency (EQE) and reducing halo. This study established a comprehensive 3D Monte Carlo model to simulate the photon and electron transport, photoelectric conversion, and emission processes. The simulation results demonstrate that the optical path of the photons in the photocathode is the primary factor influencing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Multiple reflections of photons in the gap, including lens, window, photocathode and microchannel plate (MCP), are responsible for the halo formation. In addition, the grating can suppress the change in EQE with the incident angle. The model results for the non-grating and single-layer grating cases deviated by 1.57% and 2.44% for the EQE and by 1.03% and 4.35% for the halo, respectively.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105017966221

U2 - 10.1364/OE.566897

DO - 10.1364/OE.566897

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105017966221

SN - 1094-4087

VL - 33

SP - 41210

EP - 41225

JO - Optics Express

JF - Optics Express

IS - 19

ER -